Free Bet Blackjack is by far the most popular blackjack variant in Las Vegas. When you are dealt 17 through 21, you should always stand. It tells you what to do based on your hand and the card that the dealer is showing. This guide will delve into essential aspects of the game, covering blackjack rules, strategies, and playing blackjack in online casinos such as OKBet. 1. 2. Every rule either increases the house edge or helps the player win more money. And the game is played with one or more decks of 52 cards. Increase your bet by 1 unit only after you win. Card counting in blackjack can be done by players using the following 3 easy steps: First, each card should be assigned a value, according to the plus-minus count. You should always split if you have a pair of Aces. This is because you have a fantastic chance to hit 21, and even if you don’t, you’re likely to get a score close to that magic number. Double Down on 10 or 11, Unless the Dealer Has a 10 or AceThe ultimate beginner's guide to ALL the side bets in Blackjack. So, if the player plays six-deck blackjack, this means there are 12 half-decks. You’ll find them in Chapter 3 of my Ultimate Blackjack Strategy Guide. Double Down: Double the initial bet and receive one additional card. It will teach you how to play the game and the values for cards for example Jacks, Queens and Kings are worth ten points while Aces are worth one or eleven points whichever fits your need. Each player is initially dealt two cards face up and is given the option to "draw" or "hit" (ie be dealt an extra card) as long as the cards in his hand do not exceed 21. Blackjackinfo Store. This is what we’d call a basic blackjack strategy, although, for details of actual blackjack strategies, we have you covered there too! Always stand when you have between 12-16 in your hand and the dealer has a 2-6. Blackjack Basic Rules. The best way to put them into practice, and see if you can increase your chances of making a profit, is to play blackjack at TwinSpires Casino. If you plan to use it at a land-based casino, you probably want them to be. One of the defining characteristics of blackjack tournament play is that all players are competing against the same dealer. Factor in the following changes: Double 11 vs. The reason for counting cards in blackjack is based on the fact that a deck of cards with more high cards (tens and aces). As a standard practice, all of the decks are shuffled together and a cutting card is then. Therefore, we created a 6 Deck Blackjack Strategy Chart PDF and JPG to make your life easier. If you go over 21, that constitutes a bust and is an automatic loss, so you have to be careful not to become too overzealous or risk losing the whole round. Next reshuffle the deck of cards, place a dealer’s 3 on the table, and deal yourself two cards face up. Keep in mind that a casino’s mathematical advantage against you can change, depending on the number of decks they use and the rules of the game they offer. After the first two cards are dealt, each player can hit (take another card), stand (stay with the cards they have), or in certain situations double down, split pairs, or surrender (give up your hand and keep half. Hit on 8 or below. Blackjack hit or stand on a hard hand cheat sheet. Optimal Strategy for Blackjack. Blackjack is one of the most popular casino games at both online and brick-and-mortar casinos. In all cases, if you cannot double down, hit instead. You should always split if you have a pair of Aces. When losing, you should keep betting one unit at a time, trying to recuperate your losses steadily. In that case, the house edge is about 1%, but the game now has 50-50 chances. A quick note here: if you’ve ever played blackjack, you’ll know that your entire strategy depends on the cards the dealer draws. Step 2: Place your bets. Hard 12 will stand against 4-6, hit against everything else. The game’s object is to create a hand with a value equal to or closer to 201 than the dealer’s hand without busting. Live Gaming: How to Play Blackjack at a Casino. However, this can be challenging and time-consuming. If your bet is a loser, you drop the stake back to a. To put it shortly, they’re awesome, fun, and will make you think you’re in an actual casino!Blackjack has maintained its legendary status among casino fans for many decades. In the first table you can see your odds according to dealer up card. It's you versus the dealer, so time to sharpen up those. You must put a minimum of 5 scrap into the card game storage port to join the game. 50 instead of the usual $5 even-money payoff on other winning hands. Blackjack beginners may want to play a few rounds on Practice Play mode to get a feel for the game before adopting optimal strategy to win real money at Bovada. You begin the game with a bet, which in this case can be between 10 and 100 chips for low-stakes blackjack, and between 100 and 1000 chips for high-stakes blackjack. Oscar’s System – Blackjack Betting Strategies. 2 through 10 count at face value, i. Off-Strip blackjack. Understanding the blackjack payout chart and rules will help maximize your bankroll. Stand against 2-6 and hit against 7-ace with a hard hand 13 through 16. Interestingly enough, the house edge in single-deck blackjack is slightly higher than in multi-deck ones (5. Playing a hand of blackjack is not hard, compared to other games. Players should bear in mind, though, that blackjack rules vary from casino to casino, and check for local variations before playing. There will normally be several tables on offer, with different types of blackjack and different bet limits. Always double down on 11 if the dealer is showing 10 or less. Hard 17 and above will always stand. One ace of any suit: Payout odds of +300. 7%. Memorizing blackjack basic. Play Blackjack for free now to test whether the strategy works! Play free online blackjack - also called '21' - the classic. 5. Next rule. We are assuming that you are familiar with the basic blackjack rules of Las Vegas blackjack. The player gets a free double down on 9, 10 and 11. This gives you a good chance of getting a high total (19 to 21) with one more card, while the dealer is likely to bust or end up with a low total. Found: Casino in Sotenbori. Watch me: us: at food and stuff:. The house edge on the 3:2 game is about 1%. Take the Free Double any time you’re dealt a hand valued 9 to 11. Of those, ten pay 3:2. Shuffle Tracking. Lucky Block – High-quality video and live blackjack tables. May your future casino games be filled with excitement, camaraderie, and, of course, a touch of elegance. Great variety of slots. El objetivo de alcanzar 21 es bastante fácil de asimilar, pero aún hay unas cuantas reglas que debes conocer antes de jugar por dinero real. A pair of Aces equals 12, while a pair of 8s equals 16. #15 Optimize Gameplay with a Blackjack Guide for Dealers’ and Players’ Moves. Blackjack rule variations that effects expected return, in combination with blackjack strategies. The object of the game of Blackjack is simply to get more points than the dealer without going over 21. There are 2 modes of play (easy and difficult), a bonus round, and a high score list. If no one gets a Blackjack right away, the hand continues. Also sometimes referred to as a “blackjack hit table,” it has a simple format, showing the dealer and player’s possible hands and what action you should consider for each combination. A hand that goes over 21 is a bust or break . One of the main reasons for its popularity is that blackjack is that it’s so simple to play. Where appropriate, the math of a particular strategy is explained with examples. Once play begins, everyone is dealt two cards, and the dealer is dealt one card face up and one face down. #3 Double down on a hand value of 10 if dealer’s upcard is 9 or less. It is based on mathematical probabilities and is designed to reduce the house edge to as low as 0. This particular training technique involves pickpocketing various NPCs in the game, primarily located in Pollnivneach, to gain experience and ultimately level up. These combine to offer the best blackjack strategy according to the math: RULE #1: ALWAYS DOUBLE DOWN ON 11, UNLESS THE DEALER SHOWS AN ACE. If their hand is 17 or greater, they must stand. One of the best ways to improve your odds of winning at online blackjack is to use a blackjack strategy chart. Because most land-based casinos and online blackjack games use multiple decks, this guide will focus on the rules and strategy of blackjack with more than one deck. This video covers a full Blackjack basic strategy guide for you to play blackjack the optimal way and win at the casino. All in one guide!Whether you’re an aspiring dealer learning how to deal Blackjack, a seasoned player, or someone newly intrigued by the world of Blackjack, we hope this guide has provided valuable insights. 2. Player Gets a Blackjack: If the player receives a blackjack (Ace and a 10 or Face Card), they win automatically and receive the blackjack payout. The jack has a lead head and coil spring handle wrapped with braided leather. 1. Blackjack (formerly black jack and vingt-un) is a casino banking game. This is a legitimate guide to the game of blackjack. Blackjack Strategy Additional Rules. The goal of playing blackjack is straightforward. 78% of the time. Each chapter begins with bullet points that explain what the reader will find in each chapter. Blackjack can have an RTP of up to 99% if you play without a strategy. It visually represents a basic strategy, helping you make the right moves based on your and the dealer’s hand. The Atomic Wrangler: Worst odds with a 6 to 5 blackjack payout. Your new_card and remove_card methods should be combined into single one called draw_card. Players. Las reglas del blackjack, simplificadas. Hit 13 vs all dealer cards except 3, 4, 5, or 6 when you should stand. Live Events 1. The dealer changes your cash into chips and slides them across the felt to you. Make the gesture. 22%. RTP: 99. ThePogg. Basic Strategy Blackjack Charts. But over the years, you ought. The basic strategy chart displays the recommended move for every possible combination of player hand and dealer up-card. When playing optimally, single-deck blackjack has a house edge of just 0. You will place your bets before the cards are dealt, and you will then both receive two cards. The app allows you to play multiple hands simultaneously to practice. 17% for a single-deck game and around 0. Log into the online casino and go to the live-dealer lobby. Split 2s and 3s against a dealer 4-7, and against a 2 or 3 if DAS is allowed. Yes, blackjack has a low house edge, and that edge gets lower still if you can follow these 10 basic blackjack rules of thumb. As we know, we can only see one card the dealer has, while the other one is facing downwards. Some people choose just to go with the running count in a single deck, but know that the true count is always a little bit different (higher, regardless). Of course, there are also other situations, as different blackjack variants may result in the house odds climbing to 1% or higher also. Three percent of every side bet is added to the pot money. If both a player and the dealer have blackjack, the hand is a tie or push. It can be played with anywhere from 1 to 8 decks of cards (minus the jokers and the rules card), though the games you're most likely to come across will use at least 6 decks of cards. #1 Double down on a hard 11. A pair of 7’s splits against dealer 2 through 7, otherwise hit. Basic Blackjack Rules: The goal of blackjack is to beat the dealer's hand without going over 21. Here are the full rules of the game. The distinction is important, because a winning blackjack pays the player at 3 to 2. With every card dealt and every strategic move made, there’s a blend of finesse, anticipation, and intellect. Running count is +6 = bet 3x the table minimum. Once you load a game, you must place a bet before the game can begin. Once wagers have been placed, each player is served two face-up cards. Understand the difference between online and live blackjack. How to Play Blackjack. ”. More details. On the first hand you lock in a $5 profit. Blackjack charts can drop the house edge to 0. ”. Surrender 15 against a 10. The traditional form of the game, standard blackjack, is what you will find at most online casinos. There are many great low-limit games in this section. RULE #3: WHEN THE DEALER’S UPCARD IS A 5 OR 6, ALWAYS. This blackjack guide will help you familiarize yourself with blackjack including its history, odds, strategy, variants, and more. Once you have three consecutive wins, you reset the stake back to your initial sum. You must split for the same amount of money as your original wager. Blackjack card values: All cards count their face value in blackjack. The long-term winning odds of blackjack are higher than 99. If blackjack pays 6 to 5, the house edge will be around 2%. Against a dealer ten, surrender hard 14 to 16, including 7s and 8s. The player should always assume that the card they can’t see is a 10 and statistically, the odds are high that it is. 10%. Click on the big game machine to the right to begin playing. Switch Blackjack Guide: Learning How to Play. Once a player initiates the Play Game. HOW TO USE THE BLACKJACK STRATEGY CHARTS AND TABLES. 2. Blackjack card values for the numbered cards are simply what the number says. Using the tables, find your hand total on the left, and the dealer’s up card along the top. You can resize the documents based on your liking. With blackjack basic strategy, you can almost eliminate the casino advantage when playing with only one deck of cards. How Card Counting Works. Players set up their wagers for the first deal. Blackjack strategy chart basic decks card pdf dealer 17s stands sided amazon flip kasino rahaa relatedBlackjack strategy charts chart decks tips s17 four deck guide ndas insider playing single 888casino Blackjack basic newcasinos reproduce winningStrategy chart blackjack printable pdf basic deck sheet cheat single kasino rahaa. Face cards (J,Q,K) count as 10. 3. 1-3-2-6. As the strategy recommends only the best decisions from a mathematical point of view, the blackjack strategy chart is the table that contains all the solutions recommended by blackjack basic strategy. Blackjack Chart Explanation: In the black jack strategy card, the top part, the blue line, represents the dealer’s hand. While the original blackjack payout is 3:2, most casinos these days are changing it to 6:5, and this impacts a lot on the house edge and the odds of the player. 90%. Card counting is a statistical method to get an advantage over the casino while sitting at a blackjack table. If you’ve ever visualized yourself seated in a plush, dimly lit room, drink in. Want to beat blackjack? It all starts with learning how to play. 3-3: Split if the dealer shows 4-7, or else Hit. Our Card Counting Drill trains you at keeping the running count so you can know when you have the advantage over the casino. Step 2: receive. This is because 3 – 1 = 2, and 2 betting units equals $20. Often preferred by discerning gentlemen who appreciate a blend of skill, strategy, and a touch of luck, Blackjack is a game that oozes sophistication. Accordingly, cards from 2-6 are assigned +1, cards from 7-9 get a 0, and the rest of the cards in the deck. If this gives you a second pair of aces or eights, treat it as its own hand and split again. You want your hand to outscore the dealer's hand without going over 21. Double Deck Blackjack is unique because it only uses two 52-card decks shuffled together to play with. 5%. Reason: this is to shove in your face. 3. On the machine, the player is playing against the dealer, just as with the table game. There are a few other scenarios where splitting is the correct move. Chips come in several denominations and are color-coded. You'll even know when to surrender. Beating the dealer’s final score without getting over 21. These include hit, stand, split, double down, surrender, etc. 4. How To Count Cards in Blackjack. Aces can be valued at 1 or 11, depending on the situation. The dealer hands a card face-up to each player and then places a card face-down in front of themselves. In the most popular, classic version of blackjack, the dealer will dish out two cards to themselves and two to you. Blackjack cheat sheet for multiple decks: If the game is played 6, 7, or 8 decks, this is the blackjack strategy chart you need to use. Getting a total hand value of 21 is a blackjack, and you automatically win. 5% if followed properly. Because the number of cards in a shoe is important, the perfect blackjack strategy is adjusted depending on the. Before playing GTA V Blackjack, players will need to purchase a $ 500 casino membership from the person at the front table and will need to purchase some chips to get started. So for example, if you had a £5 bet on the table and got a two-card blackjack. You should double down when you have a total of 9, 10, or 11, and the dealer has a low card (2 to 6). As a bonus, we can group A-2 with A-3 since the play for each is identical. 66% for an 8-deck game. To play blackjack online, simply navigate to the lobby of your preferred online casino and select “table games”. The following version of Edward O. The goal of the strategy is to win exactly one unit per series. 17 versus ace is surrender instead of stand. When you learn basic strategy, you'll know when to stand, when to hit, when to double down, and when to split. Blackjack is one of the most entertaining casino games, combining skill, analytical thinking and luck in one. An ace can be played as 1 or 11, while a 10, Jack, Queen, and King are counted as ten. A blackjack guide how to play 21 card game【top_casinos】 Blackjack strategy card printable odds basic rules vegas table las sheet 21 play win chart cheat cards charts hand directLearn basic strategy charts and play perfect blackjack Blackjack basic strategy 2021 – printable blackjack strategyBlackjack odds poker wizard. 2% by following optimal play strategies. When a meteorologist estimates a 50% chance of rain on Tuesday, there’s more than meteorology at work. ”. Step 4: Decide how to play your cards. Keep a “Running Count” based off of the values of the card dealt. 1. Learn the Basic Blackjack Strategy: Beginner’s Guide. If you fancy something with less cash and more color, try our. In the case of a Blackjack, the winner gets a payout. Select the Rules of the game. Face cards are worth 10. Aces may be counted as 1 or 11 points, 2 to 9 according to pip value, and tens and face cards count as ten points. It is played with one or more decks of cards. The rules are simple, and you’ll soon understand the basic blackjack strategies that will help to increase your chances of winning in the long term. The cell where these meet will show you what action you need to take. Visit Site. Step 5: Wait for the dealer to play his hand. Blackjack is an exciting game that combines strategy and luck. ’. When you split that hand you double your chances of landing a hand with at least one 10-value card. If you're playing blackjack in online casinos or at brick-and-mortar ones, the casino has an 8% edge over you when you don't use a blackjack chart. With only 4 possible actions during a normal hand, blackjack is a simple casino game to play. The dealer will receive one card. Step 4. If a player’s hand has an ace, he wins 5x. This leaves the Aces, whose value can be either 11 or 1, depending on what gives you the higher score. The blue accents represent the thin blue line of the law enforcement community. It can take time to determine when to hit, especially with a mediocre hand. Blackjack. Our blackjack calculator will calculate the best possible option for winning, by telling you what your next move should be. Our Card Counting Drill trains you at keeping the running count so you can know when you have the advantage over the casino. By doing this, you can get an idea of what cards are going to be dealt next and adjust your betting accordingly. Having a hand value equal to 21 from the first two cards dealt to the player. 2. A perfect hand will consist of either a Face Card which has a value of 10 (Jack, Queen, or King), and an Ace which scores 11, or a 10 Value Card and an Ace. 15, betting $1 at a time. Say you have 3/4 of a deck left and the count is +4. Enter: the free blackjack strategy calculator we’ve built for you! This is pretty easy to use and learn from. 20 is considered a very good hand in blackjack and will win or tie in 92% of cases. Hit on 12-16 against dealer 7 or more. This guide was a simple run-through of the blackjack basic strategy and basic blackjack rules. Good luck!Step 1: Select a table. A soft hand is when one of your starting hands contains an ace. 1. Playing ten hands of Blackjack grants the Courier the Double Down achievement/trophy. The Hi-Lo system is the most popular and prominent card counting system that is also easy to learn and widely practiced by blackjack players in casinos. The first section of the book covers the basic fundamentals of blackjack. 4. The cards are dealt until a certain amount of the shoe has been dealt – often, something like 75% of the shoe will be used before reshuffling. The value of a hand is the sum of the point values of the individual cards. The point of this trainer is to play perfect blackjack strategy. You should also choose it when you have a soft 16, 17, or 18, and the dealer has a low or medium. These are the most common table rules at real-world casinos. The game of Blackjack becomes more interesting thanks to the exciting and thrilling option of Blackjack side bets or simply called, side bets. You can find more details about the rules, variations and strategy in our Blackjack guide. This is how you can learn how to play online blackjack in just seven steps: Step 1: place your bet. All the cards have a face value of 2 - 10, picture cards known as court cards, Jack, Queen and King, all valued at 10. The objective is to try and beat the dealer by picking up a score of 21 on the first two cards, which is why the game is also referred to as 21. Why You Should Play FanDuel's Online BlackjackProper basic strategy says to double against 5 and 6 and hit it against everything else, so our rule for A-2 is “Double vs. Blackjack’s strongest card is the Ace, worth 11. How To Play Blackjack in GTA V Online. If you get a pair of 7s, only press hit if the dealer has 8,9,10 or Ace. Playing a single-deck game would be best, while an eight-deck game would be worst. If you have Ace 2 or Ace 3: Double if the dealer has 5 or 6 - otherwise hit. Your aim would be to make primary proper decision when. 6 to 5 Blackjack Payout Rule. You begin the game with a bet, which in this case can be between 10 and 100 chips for low-stakes blackjack, and between 100 and 1000 chips for high-stakes blackjack. Player Draws Closer to 21: If the player’s hand is closer to 21 than the dealer’s hand, the player wins. dealer’s Ace. Place your bet. Say how you would play the hand then check the strategy chart or table to be sure you got it right. October 16, 2023. If you get a pair in your first two cards of a hand look at this chart to determine if you should split the pair. Here is the strategy when the dealer exposes both cards. So don’t say “hit me” or “stand. Learning blackjack strategy is a journey that demands patience, practice, and a clear understanding of the game’s dynamics. Just download the 6 Deck Blackjack Strategy Chart PDF to your computer, or open it in your browser and click on print. You lose your bet, and your part in the hand is over. As of June 2022, Jagex has revisited their opinions on third-party clients, including allowing clients to swap pickpocket as the left click option. 3. 3. Two aces of different suits: Payout odds of +1500. Sign up to play online blackjack at FanDuel Casino now and claim a welcome bonus - receive 100% back on your net Casino losses incurred in your first 24 hours of play, up to $1,000. Never split 5s and 10s. As you begin to play make sure to keep your basic strategy guide open on a separate window so you can refer to it quickly. Head to the online casino’s homepage. Always split aces and 8s. Running count is +16 = bet 8x the table minimum. OSRS Blackjacking Guide. For this example we are using the Premium Blackjack game,. 10 Online Blackjack Tips You Need to Know. 5-5: Double if the dealer shows 2-9, Hit on aces and 10♠. Stand: Choose to keep the current hand without receiving more cards. Then, the dealer hands out two cards to each player, face-up on the table. Know which blackjack you are playing first before settling for the system to use. If you have Ace 6: Double if the dealer has 3 thru 6 - otherwise hit. After the cards are dealt, the player is given a choice to either “hit” (receive new cards), “double” (which doubles the bet and gives the player one more card), or. The total value of that hand is 16 and that is considered the worst blackjack hand. The player starts a series by betting one unit. Blackjack used to be played with one single deck, which gave the players the lowest house edge. The best way to go about blackjack odds and RTP is to have a basic strategy that you stick to. If surrender is not an option in the game you choose to play, then experts recommend that you Hit. Whether the dealer hits or stands on soft 17, you can find the best move for your hand and the number of decks. Deck is definitely not a Card child, Deck is sort of collection of cards. Blackjacking is a high-click intensity training method for the Thieving skill. The blackjack rules are straightforward — the game is played with 6 - 8 decks of cards in a shoe. Back To Main Menu Close. Perfect Pairs – bet pays out if the player is dealt two of a kind. With a 10 or an 11, the potentially doubling hands, you’re going to double if you have more points than the dealer. Surrender 15, 8’s, and 17 vs. In this blackjack game guide, we’ll go over the basic strategy cards and share with you a blackjack strategy card in PDF you can download, so you’re prepared the next time you play your favorite 21-card game. Blackjack tables in casinos are often arranged according to a certain betting range. A progressive blackjack side bet pays out winning combinations in addition to the progressive jackpot itself — although it’s worth noting that you will have to stake more to be in the running. If you aren’t familiar with Blackjack, a soft hand is a hand with an Ace that can count as 1 or 11, without the. When asked how to play Blackjack for beginners, gambling expert John Marchell spilt the following pearls of wisdom: When your hand is 12-16 and the dealer shows 2-6, stand. A bet of $10 wins $15 if the player draws a blackjack. Offers a range of sweeps games. Basic strategy is a way to decrease. If the dealer showing a two through six, you double. Blackjack strategy lets you know the right play to make to maximize your winnings. When you use this blackjack strategy, you need to go back to the original bet as soon as you lose one. 8%), but insurance is a wrong move, so this. Use our Blackjack Training Drills to master blackjack basic strategy and card counting: Our Basic Strategy Drill trains you at basic strategy so you never make a wrong playing decision. 38. If you are not, learn them before you go. All players wishing to play a game of Blackjack must place a wager before cards are dealt. While that might sound like a good idea, it isn’t. That means that players will generally tend to have similar outcomes on any given hand. Our downtown Las Vegas blackjack guide helps you avoid those. 41%, one of the highest. Play Blackjack for free now to test whether the strategy works! Play free online blackjack - also called '21' - the classic. Learn how to play blackjack like a pro with this handy chart that shows you the optimal strategy for any situation. Continue this process, changing the dealer’s upcard to 4, 5, 6, etc. There’s no need to sign up to a casino site or download any software. The player must make two bets of equal size and is allowed to switch the second card dealt to each hand. The key at the bottom explains in full. You can do it either through online simulations or with friends. The term is discussed in depth in the bookThe Pro's Guide to Spanish 21 and Australian Pontoon by Katarina Walker. #2 Hit a hard 12 if the dealer’s upcard is 2 or 3. Blackjack, known for its blend of skill and luck, is a card game that has captivated players both in traditional casinos and the online realm. Basic blackjack strategy. If you follow basic strategy correctly it should put the casinos edge at . (Check out our Sky Casino blackjack review for more online blackjack coverage. Note that not all casinos will allow you to refer to a blackjack strategy card at the tables, especially. Depending on the bankroll and experience, the player must therefore first decide which of the Blackjack tables is the most suitable. This might sound discouraging, but this table game holds the. The tall table on the left is for hard hands, the table in the upper right is for soft hands, and the table in the lower right is for pairs. This obviously depends on the rules of the casino, however. Except, a "blackjack" is the highest hand. The object of the game is to reach a twenty-one total. When you have a soft 16. If a free spot is available there, the player can take a seat. Double soft 18 vs. This Blackjack Strategy Guide consists of 18 Chapters. If you appreciate finely crafted games, thrilling challenges, and the charm of a high-stakes table, then allow this blackjack guide to elevate your online casino gaming experience to a whole new level. Blackjackist is a free, award-winning blackjack card counting app. A blackjack strategy chart that teaches you how to play perfect blackjack based on basic strategy, counting, deviations and true count conversions.